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Termites eat cellulose. Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet. To locate other and wood cellulose resources, termites frequently assemble highways that are private beneath the soil which could radiate over 50 m out of their nests.
Perhaps the most well-known termite nests are those made Amitermes meridionalis, by the termite, in northern Australia. These nests are oriented in a north-south direction. Other species construct mounds of sizes and shapes, while others nest in wood, underground in trees, or in the soil.
The combined mass of termites on earth is projected 5 thousand tonnes, placing them alongside ants, krill, cows and humans at the top ten.
As carbon recyclers, termites play a role outside our homes and are considered keystone species in several tropical ecosystems, such as savannah habitats such as people of Africa, Australia and South America. They use nutrient-rich saliva and gut excretions to build tunnels, which improves the soil's quality.
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When adult termites emerge in the nest they become a feast for animals across the tropics.
Termites evolved over 1 40 million decades back from cockroaches that burrowed into timber that was rotting. The nearest living relatives of termites are cockroaches from the genus Cryptocercus, found only in isolated mountainous regions of Korea, China and North America.
Mum and dad Cryptocercus setup and burrow into a huge log which is going to be their home (and origin of meals ) for lifetime. After assembly, the female lays a single clutch of 10 or so offspring, they both feed and look after for about three years about half the life of a normal Cryptocercus. .
Their firstborn offspring started to look after another clutch of siblings, freeing mum and dad to produce more sons and daughters as termites evolved. The older sisters remained to build and defend the colony, and feed and look after the young.
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The population of a colony nowadays can number in the millions. Each of the hens derive from of a single reproductive set (the queen and king).
In the Reticulitermes speratus that is Japanese, the king will outlive the queen. But the queen produces many half-clones of herself with no hereditary input from the king (a form of virgin birth). These clones replace all mate, and their mother with all the remaining king. In one colony, over 600 of these queen-clones are found, which makes it the biggest harem. .
The huge majority of termite offspring within a colony will never replicate. Instead, these worker and soldier termites stay in a state of development, never becoming adults. Soldier termites attack predators have evolved limbs or snouts that spray toxic compounds and to guarantee the survival of the colony.
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In some species such as Neocapritermes taracua from South America, workers sacrifice themselves through the use of an explosive backpack. They do it by rupturing their epidermis, which generated chemicals that are dangerous to some nearby predators and enables normally benign compounds to mix.
All of the efforts of soldiers and the workers move towards raising a proportion of their sisters and brothers to adulthood, usually. This select few will grow wings (all four of which are almost identical, hence the scientific name Isoptera meaning equivalent wings), pair up and promulgate the genes that they share with their sisters back home. .
The dark areas under the floor of many houses offer the ideal atmosphere for termites to emerge from the soil and make their highways to some mother-lode of frames.
In Australia, about a billionDollars is spent on control. House-eating termites are most common in the tropical north, even though they are found throughout the entire world. When there are over 300 species of termite, only a few are considered pests.
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Their network that is sophisticated is their Achilles heel. Termite baits include slow-acting compounds that disrupt their nervous systems or stop termites. Workers voraciously feed on the bait and return into the colony, in which the poison is spread to their offspring, king and the queen.
However, as a single colony is killed, another is prepared to shoot over. Termites have been around quite a while and they are unlikely to go away anytime soon.